Symptoms and Presentation
In its early stages, kidney cancer may not cause any symptoms. When symptoms do occur, they may include:

• Blood in the urine (haematuria)

• Persistent pain in the side or lower back

• A palpable mass in the abdomen or flank

• Unexplained weight loss, fatigue, or fever

Diagnosis
Diagnosis often begins with imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scan or MRI. These may be followed by blood and urine tests to assess kidney function. In some cases, a biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment Approaches
Treatment depends on the size, location, and spread of the tumour, as well as overall kidney function and general health. Options include:

• Surgical removal (nephrectomy): Either partial or radical, depending on the tumour’s extent.

• Minimally invasive approaches: Laparoscopic or robotic-assisted surgery.

• Ablative therapies: Such as cryoablation or radiofrequency ablation in selected cases.

• Systemic therapies: Including targeted therapies or immunotherapy for advanced or metastatic disease.

Mr Kamran Haq is a Consultant Urological Surgeon at Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital with a specialist interest in the diagnosis and management of renal malignancies. He is proficient in both partial and radical nephrectomy via robotic assisted (minimally invasive) and open techniques. He also works in collaboration with the endocrine team to deliver adrenal surgery to patients whom require it